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1.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 42(1)abr. 2023.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1441373

ABSTRACT

Introducción: En nuestro medio, el implante percutáneo de prótesis aórtica (TAVI) se encuentra limitado a pacientes más añosos o de mayor riesgo quirúrgico, en quienes frecuentemente se retarda la intervención hasta que presenten signos avanzados de enfermedad. Objetivo: Evaluar el grado de compromiso miocárdico en pacientes sometidos a TAVI y determinar si la magnitud de este compromiso predice los resultados alejados del procedimiento. Métodos: Registro de pacientes sometidos a TAVI en 2 instituciones de Chile. Según la clasificación propuesta por Genereux el año 2017, se clasificaron desde el punto de vista ecocardiográfico como: 1) compromiso de ventrículo izquierdo; 2) compromiso de aurícula izquierda; 3) hipertensión pulmonar / insuficiencia tricuspídea significativa y 4) disfunción de ventrículo derecho. Resultados: Se incluyeron 209 pacientes. Se logró un procedimiento exitoso en 98,6%, registrándose una mortalidad intrahospitalaria de 2,9%. El compromiso cardíaco se extendió más allá de las cavidades izquierdas en 24,7% de los casos (estadíos 3 y 4). A una mediana de seguimiento de 650 días se registró una mortalidad de 26,8%. El compromiso de cavidades derechas (estadíos 3 y 4) se asoció a una mayor mortalidad (39,6% vs 22,1%, log rank p=0,015). En análisis multivariado, este compromiso fue el único factor que de forma independiente predijo mortalidad (HR 1,87, IC 1,01-3,44, p=0,044). Conclusiones: El compromiso de cavidades derechas se asocia a una mayor mortalidad alejada en pacientes sometidos a TAVI. Estos resultados debiesen estimular una derivación precoz de estos pacientes que, aunque añosos y de alto riesgo, tienen buenos resultados intervenidos precozmente.


Background: Locally, Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (TAVI) is limited to very old or high-risk patients, whose intervention is frequently delayed until they develop signs of advanced disease. Aim: To evaluate the degree of myocardial compromise in patients undergoing TAVI and to determine whether the level of this compromise can predict results during follow-up. Methods: Registry of TAVI patients from 2 institutions in Chile. According to the classification proposed by Genereux in 2017, patients were classified based on the echocardiogram as 1) left ventricular compromise; 2) left atrial compromise; 3) pulmonary hypertension / severe tricuspid regurgitation; 4) right ventricular dysfunction. Results: The study included 209 patients. A successful procedure was achieved in 98.6% of cases, with an in-hospital mortality of 2.9%. Cardiac compromise extended beyond left chambers in 24.7% of cases (stages 3 and 4). During follow-up (median of 650 days) mortality was 26.8%. Right chambers involvement (stages 3 and 4) was associated with increased mortality (39.6% vs 22.1%, log rank p=0.015). In multivariate analysis, this compromise was the only factor that independently predicted mortality (HR 1.87, IC 1.01-3.44, p=0,044). Conclusions: Right chambers involvement was associated to increased mortality during follow-up of patients undergoing TAVI. These results should stimulate earlier referral of these high risk and older patients in order to obtain better results following the intervention.

2.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 42(1)abr. 2023.
Article in Spanish | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1441377

ABSTRACT

La Aspirina es una droga ampliamente utilizada con un protagonismo indiscutido en el escenario de la prevención secundaria. Sin embargo, el rol de este medicamento en prevención primaria es aún motivo de discusión. Los primeros ensayos que evaluaron la Aspirina en prevención primaria sugerían reducciones en el infarto agudo al miocardio y el accidente cerebrovascular -aunque no en la mortalidad- con un riesgo no despreciable de hemorragia mayor. Esto llevó a diversas sociedades científicas a recomendar su prescripción sólo en aquellos individuos con alto riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares. Desde el año 2018 en adelante, surgen diversos ensayos aleatorizados que han cuestionado estas indicaciones, mostrando beneficios clínicos muy discretos o ausentes. El objetivo de esta revisión es realizar un análisis histórico de la evidencia sobre el rol de la Aspirina en prevención primaria y resumir las recomendaciones actuales en este escenario.


Aspirin is widely used with a clear role in secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. However, its benefit in primary prevention is still a matter of discussion. The first trials evaluating Aspirin for primary prevention suggested reductions in acute myocardial infarction and stroke (although not in mortality) but with a non-negligible risk of major bleeding. This led to aspirin being recommended by various scientific societies, albeit limited to individuals at high risk of cardiovascular events. Since 2018 various randomized trials in primary prevention showed minimal or no beneficial effects of aspirin thus questioning its indication for this purpose. The aim of this review is to make an historical analysis of the evidence for the role of Aspirin in primary prevention and suggest modified recommendations for these subjects.

3.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 150(11): 1422-1430, nov. 2022. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1442047

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic-valve implantation (TAVI) was introduced in 2002 and the first implants in our country were performed in 2010. AIM: To review the TAVI experience in our hospital, considering the technology improvements and gained experience throughout this period. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All patients undergoing TAVI in our center were included. Results and complications were adjudicated according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium-2 (VARC-2) criteria. Patients were divided in 3 groups, according to procedural year: Period 1: 2010-2015 (n = 35); Period 2: 2016-2018 (n = 35); Period 3: 2019-2021 (n = 41). Mortality up to one year after the procedure was recorded. RESULTS: Between 2010 and 2021, 111 TAVI procedures were performed. The mean age of patients was 82 years and 47% were women. Risk scores for in-hospital mortality were STS 6.7%, EUROSCORE II 8.0% and ACC/STS TAVR Score 4.9%. The trans-femoral route was used in 88% and a balloon-expandable valve was chosen in 82% of patients. A successful implant was achieved in 96%, with an in-hospital mortality of 1.8%. Mortality at 30 days and 1-year were 2.7 and 9.0%, respectively. During period 3, 100% of implants were successful, with no in-hospital mortality, less vascular complications (p < 0.01), less stroke (p = 0.04), less severe paravalvular leak (p = 0.01) and significantly lower rate of acute complications (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: TAVI achieves excellent results. With greater experience and better available technologies, these results are even more favorable.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Aged, 80 and over , Aortic Valve Stenosis/surgery , Heart Valve Prosthesis/adverse effects , Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement/adverse effects , Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement/methods , Risk Factors , Treatment Outcome
4.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 40(2): 139-147, ago. 2021. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388090

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares, particularmente la enfermedad coronaria (EC), resultan de especial interés y preocupación en pacientes portadores del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). La ateromatosis acelerada como causa del aumento de prevalencia de enfermedad coronaria ha sido reconocida desde hace varios años en estos pacientes. No obstante, los mecanismos fisiopatológicos involucrados son múltiples y complejos e incluyen factores virales, la respuesta inflamatoria e inmunológica desencadenada por el virus, factores de riesgo cardiovascular tradicionales y efectos de la terapia antirretroviral combinada. Esta revisión de la literatura aborda dichos mecanismos y hace una actualización de los principales estudios clínicos que los sustentan. Se comenta además la evaluación de riesgo cardiovascular y los lineamientos para la revascularización de pacientes con EC portadores de VIH.


ABSTRACT: Cardiovascular diseases, particularly coronary artery disease are relevant in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). For several years accelerated atheromatosis, a cause of increased prevalence in coronary disease, has been recognized in these patients. However, the pathophysiological mechanisms involved are multiple and complex, including viral factors, the inflammatory and immune response triggered by the virus, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, and the effects of combined antiretroviral therapy. This review of the literature addresses these mechanisms and updates the main clinical studies that support them. Cardiovascular risk assessment and guidelines for revascularization of HIV patients with CHD are also discussed.


Subject(s)
Humans , Coronary Artery Disease/complications , Coronary Artery Disease/epidemiology , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Coronary Artery Disease/physiopathology , Coronary Artery Disease/therapy , HIV Infections/physiopathology , HIV Infections/therapy , Risk Factors
5.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 40(2): 96-103, ago. 2021. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388095

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN: Introducción: La evaluación de lesiones coronarias mediante Reserva de Flujo Fraccional (FFR), es de elección para determinar su significancia funcional en el laboratorio de hemodinamia. La razón de flujo cuantitativo (Quantitative Flow Ratio, QFR) es una nueva técnica no invasiva para la evaluación de la significancia funcional de una estenosis coronaria, basada en el análisis de flujo a partir de la coronariografía diagnóstica, sin necesidad de hiperemia ni de la introducción de insumos adicionales. Objetivo: evaluar la correlación y valor predictivo del QFR comparado con FFR. Métodos: se seleccionaron arterias que contaban con medición de FFR realizados en nuestro centro y se analizó retrospectivamente el QFR a partir de las coronariografías de dichos estudios. Se excluyó lesiones de tronco y lesiones ostiales. La medición de FFR fue realizada con guía de presión ubicada distal al segmento afectado, mediante hiperemia con adenosina intracoronaria o intravenosa en infusión. Para el análisis de QFR se utilizan 2 proyecciones angiográficas ortogonales del vaso a interrogar con una separación de más de 25º entre ellas; ambas proyecciones deben coincidir en el eje para un correcto análisis. El análisis fue realizado por dos operadores, ciegos al resultado del FFR, utilizando el software QAngioXA (Medis ®, Netherland). Resultados: se analizaron 35 arterias, 57,1% Descendente Anterior (ADA), 20% Circunfleja (ACF) y 20% Derecha (ACD). El FFR promedio fue de 0,83±0,092 y 34,2% tuvieron como resultado un FFR ±0,80. El análisis retrospectivo del QFR se pudo realizar en 27 arterias; en las 8 restantes (22,9%) no fue posible su realización, ya sea por imágenes insuficientes o falta de perpendicularidad del segmento. El QFR promedio fue de 0,81±0,118. Hubo una buena correlación entre QFR y FFR (r =0,758; p0,8 pero QFR±0,8 en 3,7%; y FFR ±0,8 y QFR >0,8 en 3,7%. Así, el QFR tuvo una Sensibilidad: 90,9%, Especificidad: 93,8%; Valor Predictivo Positivo: 90,9%; Valor Predictivo Negativo: 93,8%; Likelihood Ratio Positivo: 14,55 y Likelihood Ratio Negativo: 0,1. La curva ROC mostró un área bajo curva: 0,923; 95% IC: 0,801-1,00. Conclusión: Los resultados del QFR en nuestra serie son similares a las mediciones de FFR. El uso de QFR podría ser una alternativa, rápida, económica y segura, en la evaluación fisiológica de lesiones coronarias. Se requieren mayores estudios clínicos para comprobar estos resultados.


ABSTRACT: Background: FFR is a gold standard used evaluate the severity of coronary artery lesions. QFR is a new non invasive technique for the same purpose based on the analysis of flow directly derived from routine coronary angiography, without additional intervention and with no induction of hyperemia. The aim was to compare the results obtained by QFR to those obtained by FFR in in terms of its predictive value. Method: Retrospective analysis of FFR measurements in routine coronary angiographic studies were compared to results obtained by means of QFR. Main left lesions were excluded. FFR was evaluated using pressure guides across the lesion under hyperemia induced by intracoronary or intravenous adenosine. Two orthogonal projections with no more than 25o difference between them were analyzed. The analysis was performed by two independent and operators blind to the results of FFR. The QAngioXA (Medis ®, Netherland) software was used in the analysis. Results: 35 coronary arteries were analyzed: LAD 57.1%, RCA 20.9%; Cx 20%. QFR was available for 27 arteries, the rest being discarded due to inadequate orientation of the artery. Mean QFR was 0.81 (SD 0.118). Mean difference between QFR and DD FFR was 0,04 (SD 0,006) (NS). Interobserver correlation was good (r=0.95, P 0.07). In only 7.4% of arteries there was a notable though not statistically significant difference between FFR and QFR, either due to under estimation or overestimation of lesion severity by QFR compared to FFR. Using FFR as a gold standard method QFR revealed sensitivity 90.9%, specificity 93.8%, The respective numbers for either positive or negative predictive values were the same. Area under the ROC curve was 0.923 (95% C.I. 0.01-1.00). Conclusion: this study reveals similar results of QFR compared to FFE in the estimation of coronary lesion severity. Given that QFR is a significantly less invasive and less expensive method than FFR, it may lead to an increased use of flow analysis in the determination of coronary artery lesion severity.


Subject(s)
Humans , Middle Aged , Aged , Coronary Artery Disease/physiopathology , Coronary Artery Disease/diagnostic imaging , Fractional Flow Reserve, Myocardial , Predictive Value of Tests , Retrospective Studies , ROC Curve , Sensitivity and Specificity , Coronary Angiography , Coronary Vessels/diagnostic imaging
6.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 39(3): 273-279, dic. 2020. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1388066

ABSTRACT

Resumen: La revascularización coronaria híbrida busca combinar el beneficio de las técnicas quirúrgicas y percutáneas para un manejo óptimo de pacientes seleccionados con enfermedad coronaria obstructiva multivaso. Esto permite asociar el beneficio del puente de arteria mamaria interna izquierda a la arteria descendente anterior (ADA) y combinarlo con el implante de stents en lesiones no-ADA. El objetivo de este trabajo es hacer una revisión de la literatura disponible con énfasis en sus resultados clínicos comparados con la estrategia convencional.


Abstract: Hybrid coronary revascularization seeks to combine the benefit of surgical and percutaneous techniques for optimal management of selected patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. This allows combining the benefit of the left internal mammary artery bypass to the anterior descending artery (LAD) and stent deployment in non-LAD lesions. The objective of this manuscript is to review the available literature with emphasis on its clinical results compared to the conventional strategy.


Subject(s)
Humans , Coronary Artery Disease/surgery , Coronary Artery Bypass/methods , Percutaneous Coronary Intervention/methods , Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures
7.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 39(2): 114-121, ago. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1138524

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: El cierre percutáneo del foramen oval permeable (FOP) se ha posicionado como el tratamiento de elección para la prevención secundaria de pacientes con infartos encefálicos (IE) criptogénicos asociados a FOP. OBJETIVO: Revisar los cierres de FOP realizados en nuestra institución, evaluando las características clínicas y del procedimiento, los resultados a mediano plazo luego del procedimiento y la tendencia en el número de intervenciones durante el período estudiado. MÉTODOS: Se incluyeron 101 pacientes consecutivos en que se realizó cierre de FOP, con una mediana de seguimiento de 4,6 años. Se analizaron las características basales de los pacientes, la indicación del cierre de FOP, el éxito del procedimiento y la presencia de shunt residual en ecocardiografía al año. Se realizó una encuesta telefónica estructurada a todos los pacientes, en la cual se preguntó por nuevo IE o crisis isquémica transitoria (CIT), otros eventos cardiovasculares y la presencia de sangrados. El seguimiento fue completado en el 95%. Se calculó el puntaje RoPE ("Risk of Paradoxical Embolism") el cual provee una estimación de la posibilidad de que ese IE se haya debido al FOP y del riesgo de repetir un nuevo IE en caso de no cerrar el FOP para cada paciente. RESULTADOS: La edad promedio fue de 49,1±13,7 años, con 53% mujeres. Sólo en 3 pacientes se diagnosticó una trombofilia. En 96 pacientes la indicación fue para prevención de embolía paradojal e IE (74% IE, 17% CIT y 4% embolía periférica), mientras que en 5% por síndrome de ortodeoxia/platipnea. El cierre de FOP fue exitoso en todos los pacientes. Shunt residual en ecocardiograma al año se observó en 5% - ninguno de estos pacientes presentó un nuevo evento encefálico durante el seguimiento. Se registraron 2 nuevos IE (4 IE por 1000 pacientes/año) y 1 nueva CIT (2 CIT por 1000 pacientes/año) en el seguimiento, con un promedio de presentación de 3,6 años post procedimiento. Esta tasa de eventos fue significativamente menor a lo predicho por el puntaje RoPE en nuestra cohorte. Se observó un marcado aumento en el número de procedimientos desde el año 2017 en adelante. CONCLUSIONES: En nuestra cohorte, el cierre de FOP fue un procedimiento exitoso y seguro. Se asoció a una baja tasa de nuevos eventos cerebrales, marcadamente menor a lo estimado por el puntaje de riesgo actualmente disponible (RoPE).


INTRODUCTION: The percutaneous closure of a patent foramen ovale (PFO) has been established as the preferred treatment for those with an ischemic stroke (IS) and associated PFO. AIMS: To review the PFO closure experience at our institution, characterizing the patients and procedures, mid-term results and the trend in the number of interventions during the study period. METHODS: One hundred and one consecutive patients undergoing PFO closure were included, with a median follow-up of 4.6 years. Baseline demographics, PFO closure indications, procedural success rates and residual shunt at 1-year were recorded. A telephonic survey was performed to complete follow-up, asking for new IS or transient ischemic attacks (TIA), other cardiovascular events and bleeding. Follow-up was completed by 95%. The RoPE score was calculated for each patient, providing an estimate of the chance a given IS being due to a PFO and the risk of a new event when the defect is not closed. RESULTS: Mean age was 49.1±13.7 years and 53% were females. Whereas the indication for PFO closure was paradoxical embolism in 96 patients (74% IS, 17% TIA and 4% peripheral embolism), in 5 it was for platypnea-orthodeoxia syndrome. All patients had a successful PFO closure procedure. Residual shunt at 1 year was found in 5% - yet, none of these patients experienced a new stroke during the study period. During follow-up there were 2 new IS (4 IS per 1,000 patients/year) and 1 new TIA (2 TIA per 1,000 patients/year), with a mean incidence time of 3.6 years after the procedure. This rate of new events was significantly lower than the one predicted by the RoPE score. From 2017 onwards, there was a marked increase in the number of procedures performed at our institution. CONCLUSION: In this cohort, PFO closure was a successful and safe procedure. It was associated to a low rate of new cerebral events during mid-term follow-up, markedly lower than the RoPE predicted rate.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Foramen Ovale, Patent/surgery , Septal Occluder Device , Follow-Up Studies , Treatment Outcome , Embolism, Paradoxical/prevention & control , Brain Infarction/prevention & control , Secondary Prevention
8.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 39(2): 133-146, ago. 2020. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1138526

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCIÓN: El tromboembolismo pulmonar (TEP) es una causa frecuente de morbimortalidad cardiovascular y la trombolisis local asistida por ultrasonido (TLUS) constituye una alternativa de tratamiento validada para pacientes de riesgo intermedio. No existen reportes del uso de esta tecnología en el ámbito nacional. MÉTODOS: Análisis descriptivo, prospectivo, sobre una serie de pacientes con TEP agudo, de riesgo intermedio, tratados en forma percutánea con trombolisis local asistida por catéter de ultrasonido terapéutico (EKOSonic®). Se analiza la eficacia y seguridad del procedimiento mediante variables clínicas, hemodinámicas y radiológicas, así como desenlaces intra hospitalarios. Se reporta, además, el seguimiento a 30 días. RESULTADOS: Entre Junio de 2019 y Marzo de 2020, 4 pacientes con TEP de riesgo intermedio fueron tratados con esta técnica. El score PESI (Pulmonary Embolism severity Index) promedio era de 79,5 + 6,1. Dos pacientes requirieron la instalación de 2 catéteres para efectuar terapia bilateral. Se observó una reducción promedio en la presión sistólica de arteria pulmonar de 29% y en 3 de los 4 enfermos se logró revertir la dilatación ventricular derecha presente al ingreso. La carga trombótica se redujo en un 20% medido por score CTOI. No hubo complicaciones intraoperatorias ni intrahospitalarias asociadas a la intervención. CONCLUSIONES: En esta serie inicial, el uso de la trombolisis local con catéter de ultrasonido en pacientes con TEP de riesgo intermedio fue segura y efectiva. Los resultados perioperatorios y a 30 días fueron comparables a los descritos en experiencias internacionales; sin embargo, aún se requieren de estudios con mayor número de pacientes para confirmar los beneficios de esta técnica en nuestro medio.


BACKGROUND: Pulmonary thromboembolism (PE) is a common cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and local ultrasound-assisted thrombolysis (USAT) is a validated alternative treatment for intermediate-risk patients. There are no reports on the use of this technology in our country. METHODS: Prospective series of patients with acute, intermediate-risk PE treated percutaneously with therapeutic ultrasound catheter-assisted local thrombolysis (EKOSonic®). The efficacy and safety of the procedure were analyzed using clinical, hemodynamic, and radiological variables, as well as intra-hospital outcomes. The 30-day follow-up is also reported. RESULTS: between June 2019 and March 2020, a total of 4 patients with intermediate-risk PE were treated with this technique. The average PESI score was 79.5 + 6.1. Two out of 4 patients required the use of 2 catheters for bilateral therapy. The average reduction in systolic pressure of the pulmonary artery was 29% and 3 patients reversed the right ventricular dilation present at admission. The thrombotic burden was reduced by 20% according to the Computed Tomography Obstruction Index (CTOI). There were no intraoperative or in hospital complications associated with the intervention. CONCLUSION: In this initial series, the use of local thrombolysis with an ultrasound catheter in patients with intermediate-risk PE was safe and effective. The perioperative and 30-day outcomes were similar to those previously reported in international series. However, larger randomized trials are needed to confirm this potential benefit.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Pulmonary Embolism/therapy , Ultrasonic Therapy , Catheters , Mechanical Thrombolysis , Pulmonary Artery , Pulmonary Embolism/physiopathology , Pulmonary Embolism/diagnostic imaging , Safety , Severity of Illness Index , Acute Disease , Prospective Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Ventricular Function , Treatment Outcome , Ultrasonography, Interventional , Hemodynamics , Length of Stay
9.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 147(4): 426-436, abr. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1014243

ABSTRACT

Background: Balloon pulmonary angioplasty (BPA) is a therapeutic alternative for patients with inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Aim: To report the initial experience with the "refined BPA technique" with the use of intravascular images. Patients and Methods: Between June 2015 and June 2016 we selected fourteen patients with CTEPH who were considered candidates for BPA. Lesions targeted for treatment were further analyzed using intravascular imaging with optical frequency domain imaging (OFDI). We report the immediate hemodynamic results and four weeks of follow-up of the first eight patients of this series. Results: We performed 16 BPA in eight patients aged 61 ± 14 years (88% women). Mean pulmonary artery pressure (PAPm) was 48.6 ± 5.8 mmHg. Success was achieved in seven patients (88%). A mean of 2.3 segments per patient were intervened in 11 sessions (1.6 sessions/ patient). Only one patient developed lung reperfusion injury. No mortality was associated with the procedure. After the last BPA session, PAPm decreased to 37.4 ± 8.6 mmHg (p=0.02). Pulmonary vascular resistance (RVP) decreased from 858,6 ± 377,0 at baseline to 516,6 ± 323,3 Dynes/sec/cm−5 (p<0.01) and the cardiac index increased from 2.4±0.6 at baseline to 2.8±0.3 L/min/m2 (p=0.01). At 4 weeks after the last BPA, WHO functional class improved from 3.3±0.5 to 2.5±0.5 (p<0,01) and six minutes walking distance from 331±92 to 451±149 m (p=0.01). Conclusions: BPA guided by OFDI for the treatment of inoperable CTEPH patients is a safe alternative with excellent immediate hemodynamic and clinical results.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Pulmonary Embolism/therapy , Angioplasty, Balloon/methods , Hypertension, Pulmonary/therapy , Pulmonary Embolism/physiopathology , Pulmonary Embolism/diagnostic imaging , Time Factors , Angiography/methods , Chronic Disease , Reproducibility of Results , Treatment Outcome , Tomography, Optical Coherence/methods , Hemodynamics , Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology , Hypertension, Pulmonary/diagnostic imaging
10.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 38(1): 9-19, abr. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1003633

ABSTRACT

Resumen: Antecedentes: La Rehabilitación Cardíaca disminuye las complicaciones de la cirugía cardíaca y es mundialmente reconocida. A pesar de esto, en Chile su desarrollo ha sido lento y el reporte de experiencias bajo. Objetivo: Describir la progresión de acuerdo los pasos de rehabilitación y días postoperatorios en pacientes de rehabilitación cardíaca fase I en un hospital público de Temuco, Chile. Metodología: Se analizó una serie de casos de pacientes en rehabilitación cardíaca fase I, participantes de un protocolo basado en hitos motores de seis pasos: movilización en cama (P1); sedente borde cama (P2); marcha de 35 mts (P3); marcha hasta 100 mts (P4); marcha hasta 200 metros más subir/bajar un piso de escaleras (P5); marcha de 300 metros más subir/bajar dos pisos de escaleras (P6). Resultados: Se incluyeron 243 pacientes (1.033 sesiones) con una media de 65.9 años (DS 9.5), mediana de hospitalización 6 días. Del total de atenciones realizadas el día 1, en 53% de ellas se alcanzó el P1; en el día 2, en un 51% se alcanzó el P2 y en un 42% un paso ≥P3; en el día 3, en 44.78% se alcanzó paso ≥P4; en el día 4, en 37.75% se alcanzó ≥P4. En los días 5-7, aproximadamente 50% logró ≥P5. Conclusión: La progresión de los pasos es proporcional al día postcirugía y es más rápida en hombres. Al momento del alta, 75% de los pacientes alcanza una independencia funcional que les permite caminar dos cuadras y subir/bajar un piso de escaleras.


Abstract Background: Despite advances in cardiovascular disease management and the development of minimally invasive approaches, open cardiac surgery is still a preferred intervention in complicated cases. Phase I Cardiac Rehabilitation decreases complications associated with this intervention. Globally, cardiac rehabilitation is widely recommended. However, in Chile the implementation of this intervention has been slow and there are scarce reports of its result. Objective: To describe the progression according to steps and post-surgery days in cardiac rehabilitation phase I patients in the public hospital in Temuco, Chile. Methodology: We analyzed a series of cases of patients in cardiac rehabilitation phase I, participants of a protocol based on six-step motor levels: (S1) on-bed mobilization, (S2) sitting on the edge of the bed, (S3) Bipedal exercise and 35 meter walking, (S4) 100 meter walking, (P5) 200 meter walking plus going up one floor and down stairs, and (S6) 300 meter walking plus going two floors up and down stairs. Results: 243 patients were included, and 1,033 sessions were performed) Mean age was 65.9years-old (SD 9.5) and hospital stay run for a median of 6 days. From all sessions, on day one, 53% of patients reached S1. On day 2, 51% reached S2 and 36% walked (S3). On day 3, 44.78% reached ≥S4. On day 4, 37.75% reached ≥S4. On days 5-7, approximately 50% achieved ≥S5. Conclusion: the step progression is proportional to number of days after surgery, faster in men than compared to women. At discharge, 75 % of patients show functional independency that allows them to walk two blocks and go one floor up and down stairs.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Cardiac Rehabilitation/methods , Postoperative Care , Chile , Clinical Protocols , Early Ambulation , Exercise Therapy , Gait , Cardiac Surgical Procedures/rehabilitation , Hospitals, Public
11.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 38(1): 46-53, abr. 2019. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1003637

ABSTRACT

Resumen En Chile, se han logrado avances importantes en el manejo del Infarto Agudo de Miocardio (IAM) con elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST). Debido a la mejoría en el diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento, particularmente, con el incremento de la Angioplastía Primaria (APP), hoy están dadas las condiciones para seguir progresando por la vía de la combinación de estrategias de reperfusión y la creación de Redes de Manejo del IAM. El siguiente artículo revisa la evidencia que justifica impulsar dicho avance y se esbozan posibles caminos para lograrlo.


Abstract In Chile, important advances have been made in the management of Acute Myocardial Infarction (MI) with ST segment elevation (STEMI). Due to the progress in early diagnosis and treatment, particularly with the increase in Primary Angioplasty (Primary PCI), nowadays there are conditions to improve early management through the combination of reperfusion strategies and the implementation of MI reperfusion networks. The present article reviews the evidence justifying the promotion of this strategy and outlines possible actions to achieve it.


Subject(s)
Humans , Myocardial Reperfusion/methods , Thrombolytic Therapy/methods , Angioplasty/methods , ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/therapy , Chile , Endovascular Procedures , Fibrinolytic Agents/therapeutic use , ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology
12.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 37(3): 176-182, dic. 2018. tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-977999

ABSTRACT

Resumen: Introducción Las fallas de los puentes venosos pueden llegar casi al 50% a 10 años y la angioplastía percutánea es el tratamiento de elección. Estos pacientes constituyen un grupo de muy alto riesgo cardiovascular con tasas de mortalidad cercanas al 30% en el mediano plazo. Objetivo Caracterizar a la población sometida a angioplastia de puentes coronarios (APC) y comparar su mortalidad con un grupo pareado de pacientes intervenidos con Infarto agudo al miocardio con elevación del segmento ST (IAMCEST). Métodos Estudio retrospectivo de tipo Caso-Control que incluyó a pacientes con APC entre los años 2010-2016 comparados con igual número de controles con IAMCEST pareados por edad y sexo. Se analizaron características clínicas del procedimiento y mortalidad, tanto global como de causa cardiaca usando T Student, Chi2 y curvas de Kaplan Meier. Resultados Se identificaron 63 pacientes sometidos a APC (total 76 procedimientos). Los puentes más comúnmente intervenidos fueron a la arteria circunfleja 48,7%. Hubo 18 (28,5%) pacientes fallecidos en el grupo APC y 6 (9,5%) pacientes en el grupo con IAM-CEST, lo que resultó en un exceso de mortalidad global en pacientes con APC (HR 3,02; IC 95% 1,11 - 8,22, p=0,02). Esta diferencia se debió a una mayor mortalidad de causa no cardiaca en el grupo APC (12,7% (n=8) vs 3,2% (n= 2) [p=0,04]). Conclusión Los pacientes sometidos a APC presentan una mortalidad 3 veces mayor que aquellos pacientes con IAMCEST, principalmente derivada de una mayor mortalidad no cardíaca.


Abstract: Background Failure rates of saphenous vein grafts can reach almost 50% at 10 years and percutaneous angioplasty is the treatment of choice. This is a group with a very high cardiovascular risk, with mid-term mortality rates close to 30%. Aim To describe the population undergoing coronary bypass angioplasty (CBA) and compare their mortality with an age and gender matched group of patients with acute myocardial infarction with ST segment elevation (STEMI) Methods This was a retrospective case-control study including patients with CBA between 2010-2016. This group was compared with the same number of controls with STEMI matched by age and sex. Clinical characteristics, procedure variables and overall mortality as well as cardiac mortality were analyzed using Student's T test, Chi squared test and Kaplan Meier curves (significance set at p <0.05). Results: We identified 63 patients undergoing CBA (76 procedures). The most commonly intervened bypasses were to the circumflex artery (48.7%). There were 18 (28.5%) patients who died in the CBA group and 6 (9.5%) patients in the STEMI group, which resulted in an excess of global mortality risk in patients with CBA (HR 3.02, 95% CI 1.11 - 8.22, p = 0.02). This difference was driven by a higher non-cardiac mortality in the CBA group (12.7% (n = 8) vs 3.2% (n = 2) [p = 0.04]) Conclusion Patients undergoing CBA have a mortality rate more than three times that of the STEMI patients, mainly due to a higher non-cardiac mortality.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary/mortality , ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction/mortality , Saphenous Vein , Case-Control Studies , Survival Analysis , Coronary Artery Bypass/mortality , Retrospective Studies , Cause of Death , Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction/therapy
13.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 144(7): 829-836, jul. 2016. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-793995

ABSTRACT

Background: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare and progressive disease. Long-term survival remains poor despite of advances in specific vasodilator therapy. Aim: To describe the survival rate in a cohort of PAH patients in two referral centers in Chile. Patients and Methods: One hundred fifteen patients aged 43 ± 15.6 years (85% females) with PAH qualified for this study. Their median pulmonary artery pressure was 55.4 ± 14 mmHg and their six minutes walking capacity was 368 ± 119 m. They were followed for 58 ± 0.4 months and their actual survival rates were compared with the estimated survival using the equation proposed by the French registry of PAH. Results: One, two and three year survival rates were 97, 94 and 89%, respectively. The observed survival rates were greater than the estimated survival. Conclusions: The improvement in survival rates observed in this cohort of patients is similar to what has been described in literature.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Vasodilator Agents/administration & dosage , Hypertension, Pulmonary/mortality , Chile , Survival Rate , Retrospective Studies , Cohort Studies , Hypertension, Pulmonary/drug therapy
14.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 144(1): 39-46, ene. 2016. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-776973

ABSTRACT

Background: Consumption of illicit drugs (ID) has been associated with an increased risk of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). There is limited national evidence about the impact of substance use over the clinical presentation, management and outcomes of AMI patients. Aim: To describe the prevalence of ID consumption in patients within the Chilean Registry of Myocardial Infarction (GEMI), comparing clinical characteristics, management and outcome according to consumption status. Material and Methods: We reviewed data from the GEMI registry between 2001 and 2013, identifying 18,048 patients with AMI. The sample was stratified according to presence or absence of previous ID consumption, comparing different demographic and clinical variables between groups. Results: Two hundred eighty five patients (1.6%) had history of ID consumption (cocaine in 66%, cannabis in 35% and central nervous system stimulants in 24.0%). Compared with non-users, ID consumers were younger, predominantly male and had a lower prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, except for tobacco smoking (86.3% and 42.5% respectively, p < 0.01). Among consumers, there was a higher percentage of ST segment elevation (85.2% and 67.8% respectively, p < 0.01) and anterior wall AMI (59.9 and 49.5% respectively, p = 0.01). Additionally, they had a higher rate of primary angioplasty (48.8% and 25.5% respectively, p < 0.01). There was no difference in hospital mortality between groups when stratified by age. Conclusions: A low percentage of patients with AMI had a previous history of ID consumption in our national setting. These patients were younger and had a greater frequency of ST segment elevation AMI, which probably determined a more invasive management.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Illicit Drugs/adverse effects , Myocardial Infarction/chemically induced , Cannabis/adverse effects , Chile/epidemiology , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Risk Factors , Cocaine/adverse effects , Myocardial Infarction/mortality
16.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 35(1): 19-24, 2016. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-782638

ABSTRACT

Introducción: En pacientes con hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP) Galectina- 3, biomarcador de fibrosis miocárdica, se ha asociado a marcadores ecocardiográficos de remodelado ventricular derecho. La relación entre Galectina- 3, remodelado auricular derecho (AD) y capacidad funcional (CF) en pacientes con HAP no ha sido explorado. El objetivo fue medir niveles de Galectina-3 y su relación con CF y remodelado AD en pacientes con HAP Metodos: Estudio prospectivo observacional en que se incluyeron 14 pacientes con HAP En todos los pacientes se midieron los niveles de Galectina-3, proBNP, se evaluó la CF mediante test de caminata 6 minutos (TC6M) y se evaluó remodelado AD. Se consideraron para el análisis dos grupos según la distancia caminada en TC6M (> 200 m vs. ≤ 200 m). Resultados: La edad promedio fue 43 ± 10 años, el 84% mujeres. Los niveles de Galectina-3 fueron 16,1 ± 7,4 ng/mL y el TC6M fue 371 ± 142 mts. Los pacientes con TC6M< 200 m presentaron mayores niveles de Galectina-3 (27,3 ± 4,6 vs 13,7 ± 3,8; p=0,006) y mayor volumen AD (151 ± 21 vs 94 ± 43; p=0,04). Además, se observó una correlación inversa entre el área AD y TC6M (-0,71; p=0,03). Conclusión: Niveles elevados de Galectina-3 y parámetros de remodelado adverso en AD se relacionan con una menor CF en pacientes con HAP. Estos hallazgos apuntan a una mejor caracterización de pacientes con HAP y eventualmente la búsqueda de nuevos objetivos terapéuticos.


Background: Galectin-3 is a biomarker of myo-cardial fibrosis and has been associated with echocar-diographic markers of right ventricular remodeling in patients with pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). The association among Galectin-3 level, right atrial (RA) remodeling and functional capacity (FC) has not been explored. The objective was to measure plasma Galectin-3 concentrations and its relation with RA remodeling and FC in PAH patients. Methods: This is a prospective observational study and 14 PAH patients were included. Galectin-3 and proBNP levels were measured in all patients. FC was estimated by the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and used to define 2 groups of subjects (≤200m or >200m). RA area and volume were measured by echocardiography from a 4 chamber view. Results: The average age was 43±10 years, 84% of patients were female. Galectin-3 levels were 16.1±7.4 ng / mL and 6MWT was 371±142 m. We observed an inverse correlation between RA area and 6MWT (-0.71;p=0.03). Conclusions: Higher Galectin-3 concentrations and RA adverse remodeling are related to a decreased FC in PAH patients. These findings may lead to a better characterization of PAH patients and eventually new therapeutic targets.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Pulmonary Artery/physiopathology , Ventricular Remodeling , Galectin 3/blood , Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology , Echocardiography , Biomarkers , Prospective Studies , Observational Study , Hemodynamics , Hypertension, Pulmonary/blood
17.
Rev. méd. Chile ; 143(7): 825-833, jul. 2015. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-757905

ABSTRACT

Background: Socioeconomic status is associated with cardiovascular mortality. Aim: To evaluate the effect of educational level, on the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction in Chile. Material and Methods: Cohort study of 3,636 patients aged 63.1 ± 13.2 years, 27% women, hospitalized in 16 centers participating in the Chilean Myocardial Infarction Registry (GEMI) between 2009 and 2012. Vital status was obtained from the National Mortality Database. Patients were divided, according to educational level, in four groups, namely none (no formal education), basic (< 8 years), secondary (8-12 years) and tertiary (> 12 years). Crude and adjusted (age, sex, cardiovascular risk factors and treatments) hazard ratios (HR) were estimated using Cox regression models. Results: The distribution by educational level was 3.2% none, 31.8% basic, 43.0% secondary and 22.0% tertiary. During a median follow-up period of 22 months (interquartile range 11-37 years), 631 patients died (17.3%), of whom 198 died during hospitalization (5.5%). The 30 day case-fatality rate according to educational level was 3.4% in tertiary, 4.7% in secondary, 11.9% in basic, 19.1% in none (p < 0.0001). Among patients surviving the first 30 days, the case-fatality rate was 4.4%, 8.6%, 14.6% and 27.0%, respectively (p < 0.0001). The increased risk of death for groups with lower education compared with individuals with tertiary education, persisted in the multivariate analysis with a hazard ratio for secondary education 1.58 (95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.18-2.10); for basic education 1.90 (95% CI, 1.41-2.47) and for none 3.50 (95% CI, 2.35-5.21). Conclusions: A lower educational level was associated with a worse prognosis in patients with myocardial infarction, even after controlling for potential confounding factors.


Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Educational Status , Myocardial Infarction/mortality , Chile/epidemiology , Cohort Studies , Registries , Social Class , Survival Rate
18.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 34(2): 100-105, 2015. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-762610

ABSTRACT

Introducción: El efecto de prostanoides inhalatorios sobre la función auricular derecha (AD) en hipertensión arterial idiopática (HAP) no ha sido estudiado. Objetivo: Evaluar cambios agudos en la función AD y función diastólica del ventrículo derecho en pacientes con HAP post uso de Iloprost inhalatorio. Métodos: Se incluyeron pacientes con HAP sin uso previo de prostanoides. Se realizó un ecocardiograma transtorácico basal y 30 min posterior a la inhalación de iloprost. Se midió dimensión AD, relación E/e' y strain de la AD por speckle tracking, registrando la onda negativa de contracción auricular (SaAD) y la onda positiva de la fase de reservorio (SsAD). Se midió el tiempo de inicio de la fase de reservorio AD durante el sístole ventricular. Resultados: Se estudiaron 16 pacientes (15 mujeres), con edad promedio 44 ± 7,8 años. Post Iloprost disminuyó el volumen AD (basal: 140ml, post Iloprost: 109 ml; p 0,008) y las presiones de llenado (E/e’ basal: 13, post Iloprost: 9,8; p 0,028). No se registraron diferencias en el SaAD (basal: -8,4%, post Iloprost: -8,5%; p 0,834). El SsAD fue mayor post Iloprost (basal: 8,6%, post Iloprost: 11,7%; p 0,002) iniciándose antes durante el sístole ventricular (basal: 445ms, post Iloprost: 368ms; p 0,001). Conclusión: Con Iloprost inhalatorio en pacientes con HAP se observa una reducción aguda en el tamaño de la AD y en las presiones de llenado del VD. La deformación durante la fase de reservorio de la AD aumenta y se inicia significativamente antes. Esto sugiere que el Iloprost podría mejorar en forma aguda el trabajo mecánico de la AD en paciente con HAP.


Background: The effects of inhaled prostanoids on right atrial (RA) function in patients with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) have not been studied. We evaluated acute changes in RA function and right ventricular diastolic function after inhaled iloprost. Methods: We included PAH patients without prior prostanoid treatment. A surface echocardiogram was performed at baseline and 30 minutes after iloprost inhalation. Measurements included RA dimensions, right E/e’ ratio and RA strain by speckle tracking, registering a RA contraction wave (RASa) and RA reservoir wave (RASs). RA time to peak of deformation during the reservoir phase was also measured. Results: We included 16 patients (15 females, aged 44±7.8 years. Post iloprost there was a reduction in RA volume (baseline: 140ml, post iloprost: 109ml; p 0.008) and right ventricular filling pressure (baseline E/e’: 13, post iloprost: 9.8; p 0.028). There was no difference in the magnitude of the RASa wave (baseline: -8.4%, post iloprost: -8.5%; p 0.834). The RASs wave was larger post iloprost (baseline: 8.6%, post iloprost: 11.7%; p 0.002), and began earlier (baseline RA time to peak of deformation during reservoir phase: 445ms, post iloprost: 368ms; p 0.001). Conclusion: Inhaled iloprost acutely reduces RA size and right ventricular filling pressure in patients with HAP It also significantly increases the magnitude of RA systolic deformation as well as making it occur earlier in RA filling phase. This suggests that iloprost might improve RA mechanical performance.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Atrial Function, Right/drug effects , Iloprost/administration & dosage , Hypertension, Pulmonary/drug therapy , Vasodilator Agents/administration & dosage , Administration, Inhalation , Echocardiography , Cross-Sectional Studies , Arterial Pressure/drug effects , Hypertension, Pulmonary/physiopathology
19.
Rev. chil. cardiol ; 33(1): 67-73, 2014. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-713530

ABSTRACT

Se presenta el caso clínico de una mujer de 20 años que presenta insuficiencia cardíaca de rápida instalación, asociada a síntomas de infección respiratoria viral, 9 semanas post parto. Previamente había presentado hipertensión en el puerperio precoz. Se demostró una severa disfunción sistólica (FE 12 por ciento). Se recuperó con medidas convencionales del tratamiento de Insuficiencia cardíaca y finalmente recibió bromocriptina basado en reportes favorables de la literatura respecto del uso de este fármaco. En el control al año de su alta, se mantenía asintomática pero persistía severa disminución de la FE (18 por ciento) y dilatación de cavidades izquierdas. Se revisa la información acerca de esta patología.


A 20 year old woman developed rapidly progressive heart failure 9 weeks after delivery. For a few weeks she was hypertensive. A severe systolic dysfunction with an EF of 12 percent was shown on echocardiography. She recovered on conventional treatment of congestive heart failure. Eventually she received bromocriptine con the basis of favorable literature reports. A follow up control at one year showed an asymptomatic patient, however severe systolic dysfunction with EF 18 percent was still present.


Subject(s)
Humans , Adult , Female , Young Adult , Bromocriptine/therapeutic use , Heart Failure/drug therapy , Heart Failure , Pregnancy Complications, Cardiovascular , Postpartum Period
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